Borrowing money is something that’s hard to avoid, both for individuals and large organizations. Even if you have an ample budget, some investments require more. In a large scale, the government and companies issue bonds to aid in borrowing large sums of money. They receive these funds by issuing bonds, which investors purchase. Most bonds have a maturity date, which is when the issuer must pay the investors back. When this occurs, the investor is awarded additional compensation on top of whatever their initial investment was.

The concept of bonds is fairly straightforward, but identifying the different kinds of bonds available today in the US can be daunting to someone with little bond and investment experience. Yet it’s certainly something to look into, with two primary advantages: purchasing bonds can strengthen one’s financial portfolio, and help them stay knowledgeable about market trends. Substantial income can be earned through investing in the right bonds. In general, the types of bonds are grouped by the type of organization or individual that issues them. There are four primary types of bonds that one can purchase in the US:

Municipal bonds are issued by local government, often to provide funding for local projects like improving school districts, sewage systems, publicly owned airports, and rehabilitation centers. Any capital gain from a municipal bond is taxable, and may be counted as income if sold at a profit prior to maturity. Still, many municipal bonds are exempt from interest via state and/or federal income tax, though this tax advantage does result in lower interest rates.

Your tax bracket is important to keep in mind when deciding to purchase municipal bonds. Use the Taxable Equivalent Yield – which is Tax-exempt yield divided by (1 – your marginal tax rate) – to help identify the yield on a taxable municipal bond. There are tools that calculate Taxable Equivalent Yield, as well. In general, tax-free municipal bonds are not useful for low income brackets, as the taxes they are saving may not compensate for the lower interest rates.

Corporate bonds are issued by corporations in order to expand their business. Its maturity date is often after a year from its issue date, with the occasional “commercial paper” corporate bonds having a shorter maturity span. Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and other rating services provide an estimate on whether a corporate bond issuer will be able to meet scheduled payments, with the ‘AAA’ rating having the lowest risk and ‘D’ having the highest risk. Using these ratings can help investors avoid high-risk investments.

Mortgage Backed Securities is a security that involves mortgages, often many mortgages. The multitude of mortgages involved makes it perhaps the most high-risk form of bond investment, but it can also result in some of the highest yields. This is how it works: mortgages are sold to either an investment bank or government agent that combines these loans into a tidy security, which investors can purchase. Unlike other bonds, which have a maturity date, mortgage-backed securities are paid off periodically.Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac are the most common entities that issue mortgage-backed securities.

U.S. Government Securities present some of the most diverse types of bonds. They are issued by the US Department of Treasury, and exist in periodic additional payments to the bondholder, in addition to the principal amount being reimbursed at the maturity date. The government is the largest issuer of debt securities, and as a result these are considered some of the safest fixed-income investment opportunities. Different types of U.S. government securities include a T-Bill, U.S. Treasury Note, U.S. Treasury Bond, Savings bonds, and zero-coupon bond, the latter of which pays no interest but is issued at a discount that depends on the maturity length. You can purchase U.S. government securities directly though the US Department of Treasury.

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Buying a house is an incredibly exciting step in your life, however it can also become a financial nightmare if you rush into it before you are truly ready. The commitment of a mortgage and the costs associated with bills and general maintenance can be far greater than you expect, leaving your budget severely compromised. Here are some important things to consider when asking yourself whether or not you are financially ready to buy your first home.

Assess Your Budget

One of the most important steps in working out whether you can afford to move forward and buy a home is to assess your budget. Spend some time getting to know your financial capabilities, and understand how much you have on hand to cover possible mortgage repayments. It’s a good time to do a review and work on your budget to make it as clear and comprehensive as possible. The better your budget is, the greater chance you have of being in a strong financial position to buy a home.

Future Stability

It pays to always think towards the future, and try and envisage some of the tricky situations that life could throw your way. Consider what would happen in the event of reduced income, being unable to work, or losing your current employment. If you have a strong financial base and could cover your repayments through your existing savings, chances are you are in a good position to buy. If you would struggle to meet the repayments under these circumstances, then perhaps you should work on creating a stronger savings base to assist when times get tough.

Know Your Limits

When applying for a home loan, it is essential that you stick to your limits. Know what you would be comfortable with in regards to mortgage repayments, and resist the temptation to buy a house that will be beyond your means. If you find that you are consistently being knocked back by the banks, you may be trying to borrow too much, or you may not be in a strong enough financial position to buy a house just yet.

Consult an Expert

It can be hard to honestly appraise your financial situation and decide on whether you are ready to buy, so why not take it to the professionals. By consulting the team at Fox Symes, you will be able to access expert advice on your financial position, and whether or not you will be able to adequately cope with the financial strain of buying your own home. The added advantage is that on top of being qualified debt solutions specialists, you will also have the opportunity to access a Fox Symes home loan which has been individually tailored to best suit your needs.

It’s easy to get in above your head when buying a house, especially if you take the plunge and buy too soon. By keeping these important points in mind, you can ensure that you get an honest assessment on whether or not you are truly financially ready to buy a house.

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Cars mean something to all of us. If you’ve been lucky enough to get your hands on a luxury vehicle or sports car, the feeling you may use to describe them would most likely be along the lines of pure joy and euphoria. However if you’re driving a clunker from 80’s you probably swear at your car more than the participants of a typical episode of the Jerry Springer Show.

If you’re in the market for a new car, some of your time has probably been spent pondering over whether to buy or lease. Here’s some more information on buying versus leasing, including the advantages and disadvantages of each:

Buying:

Some may argue that the best option may be to buy new and look after the vehicle well until the last payment is made. At this point instead of selling, you keep the vehicle. The idea is that because the car is well looked after, maintenance costs are reduced throughout and after the vehicle is paid off.

The benefits of buying:

• Even though the car is registered in your name, the bank technically owns the car until you pay the last instalment. However at the end of the period you will have an extra asset under your belt.
• When you buy a car, insurance companies view you as lower risk and the monthly payments you’ll need to make will be lower.

Disadvantages of buying:

• Monthly payments are typically higher when buying the vehicle.
• When buying, the dealership will require a deposit or down-payment, which means that the initial cost when buying is considerably higher.
• If you buy, payments are amortized over a 48 – 72 month period and take the entire cost of the vehicle into account.
• Cars generally lose some of their value in the first couple of years to depreciation. However if the payment plan is taken over too long of a term then there’s a chance that you could end up owing more than the car is worth.

As with other loans payments are divided between capital and interest.

In the first couple of years paying your car back, more of the payment goes toward interest than capital.

*Leasing:

With this option you’re essentially renting the car for a fixed period (usually 36 – 48 months).

The amount you lease a vehicle for is determined by the difference between the purchase price and residual value, which is the pre-determined value of the vehicle at the end of the lease.

Benefits of leasing:

• When leasing, the initial costs that you incur when acquiring and maintaining the car are less.
• Monthly payments are much lower and leases require less of a deposit than purchased vehicles.
• When you buy a car you pay for depreciation based on entire value of the vehicle. However when leasing you only pay for the use and depreciation of the car for a set period.

Disadvantages of leasing:

• Most leases also come with mileage restrictions which means you’re only allowed to do per year (usually around 12 000 miles a year). If you exceed this, you pay more at the end of the lease.
• Insurance providers may also charge higher premiums for leased vehicles.

Pre-owned vehicles are another option worth looking into. For example vehicles that have been returned after expired leases can be bought for substantially less than their brand new counterparts.

This article was written by Daniel Stevens who is a fan of the great outdoors and when he’s not writing up a storm 😉 – that’s where you’ll find him.

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As there is only a finite amount of high quality land, it will always be a profitable investment even when the world’s economy appears to be turning upside down. When making a land purchase, always make sure it is a clinical process and not an emotional one. If you can hire professionals such as appraisers, engineers, realtors and real estate attorneys before the process begins, you will save yourself a lot of legal headaches down the line. Follow the tips below and you will hopefully purchase good quality property for a reasonable price.

Aims of Deal

Before buying any piece of land, you need to be 100% sure about the purpose of the purchase. For example, are you planning to build a retail space or office building? If so, is there any real competition in the area? If you are up against established rivals, you will have a hard time defeating them since they have a major head start and the advantage of being known in the area. Before signing on the dotted line, make sure that your plan for the land is a viable one or else you will be wasting time on a money pit.

Location

It is important for your land to be easily accessible by road or else transporting building materials during construction will be a time consuming and costly enterprise. The topography of the land also needs to be thoroughly investigated before making a purchase. It should be obvious that marsh land and low land need to be avoided as it is difficult to build anything safely on this kind of surface. If you want the land for agricultural purposes, it makes sense to check the soil type and quality. When buying land for commercial or residential reasons, it is a good idea to think from a landscaping view when evaluating the area.

Get a Copy of Covenants & Restrictions

You need a realtor or an attorney on your side to find out if there are any restrictive covenants as well as determining what you are allowed to build on the land. Zoning ordinances and regulations will define the way you use the land and you may have to change the zoning to fit your needs. For example, you may be looking at land that is zoned for a retail outlet but you wish to build an office building. Zoning ordinances can also limit the total height of the building or have a minimum parking space limit.

Even when you have reviewed the property, performed a cost analysis and are satisfied that the land you seek is worth the price, there is still the small matter of legal red tape. Never try to buy land for commercial use without a qualified team behind you or else long and costly legal battles could be the result.

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You’ve heard it all before; buying a house is the biggest investment that you’ll ever make. This statement is usually followed by tips on what to look for in a house, how to get it assessed and how to choose a good neighbourhood. All of which is very important, but what about tips on how not to mess up your mortgage? You’d be surprised at the number of ways in which your mortgage can go wrong, from unwittingly locking yourself into high interest rates to scuppering your approval chances before you even begin your search.

Here are four common mistakes people make when applying for mortgages – and how to avoid them:

1)     Job-hopping

Our grandparents and parents might recoil in horror at the frequency with which we now change our jobs, but job-hopping is the norm these days. Unfortunately, while society deems it perfectly acceptable, lenders do not. They like to see a little stability before they put hundreds of thousands of dollars at risk. According to MSN Real Estate, lenders will consider you a bigger risk if you swop your industry for another (for example, if you go from mining engineering to freelance graphic design), than if you simply change companies. However, even this simple move is best deferred until all the documents have been signed, sealed and delivered.

2)     Skipping the pre-approval process

Pre-approval is not a guarantee that you will get a mortgage; but it does significantly improve your chances. Pre-approval is better than pre-qualification because your finances are vetted more thoroughly (Mike Sheridan – realtor.com). Pre-approval considers your credit record, employment history, debt, and assets. If you don’t meet pre-approval requirements you can bet that you won’t meet mortgage approval requirements. If you are pre-approved, you are also more likely to close a sale because sellers will know that you’re not just wasting their time and that the chances of you not qualifying for finance are slim.

3)     Going with the first lender that comes your way

You wouldn’t buy the very first house you see without comparing it to several others, would you? So why would you choose the first lender you visit without comparing it against others? While lenders have to operate within certain regulations, their services still differ widely. You should visit three to five lenders and get quotes so that you can compare everything from interest rates to closing costs.

4)     Not locking in your mortgage rate

Mortgage rates fluctuate on a daily base; a favourable rate today might rise to an unfavourable rate tomorrow. You can wait about and gamble on locking in at the right time, but if you dither long enough you risk losing everything.

In an article for Fox Business, Kayleigh Kulp cites mortgage expert Polyana da Costa, who says that different lenders have different relock policies, which is another reason you need to shop around before you commit. Basically, the favourability of your rate could depend on you choosing the right lender.

Buying a home certainly is a major financial commitment, so it makes sense to do all that you can to ensure that you get the best financing possible. This requires research on your part, and perhaps a little advice from a home loan expert.

Sandy Cosser writes for a South African-based personal financial services provider that specialises in home loans, pre-approvals, bond calculators and second bonds.

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